New Delhi – The proposed Citizenship Amendment Bill (CAB), cleared by the Cabinet on 4th December and passed subsequently in both the houses of Parliament later, has created quite a storm.
Those opposed to the Bill have raised various objections which on the face of it may seem genuine. But are they real ? Or do these objections fall apart when examined critically ?
Let’s take the first objection about equality.
The CAB proposes to give citizenship to persecuted minorities in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan. However, among those eligible for citizenship on these grounds, from these countries, Muslims are exempted.
The critics of the CAB argue that how can the Indian State differentiate between people on the basis of religion and that if the State did so, would it not be a violation of Article 14 ? This would have been a valid criticism if it was a differentiation between Indian citizens. The Indian Constitution obligates the State to be religion-neutral. This obligation is for the citizens of India only. There is no such obligation for citizens or residents of other countries. But let us for the sake of argument accept that Article 14 applies in this case as well.
Even then, it is a well-settled precedent that positive discrimination is not prohibited in the Constitution; negative discrimination is barred. What this means is that because of historical, social or other reasons, some groups or a section of people can be given extra privileges over and above those ordinarily available to all citizens. However, no group or section of people can be denied any rights because of their religion or social grouping.
As an example, consider reservations. Any law which would deny Government jobs to say Muslims would be rightly ultra vires of the Constitution. However, the same Constitution does not prevent caste-based (and not religion-based) reservation in jobs. In essence, one group of people (backward castes) have extra privileges (reserved jobs) over those ordinarily available to all citizens but no one (Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Parsis, Buddhists, Atheists and so on) can be denied ordinary rights (Government jobs) if it is available to all citizens.
The same is the case with proposed changes in the Citizenship Bill.
Residents of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh have no existing right to claim citizenship of India. However, one group of people (religious minorities in these countries) will now be positively discriminated and will have extra privileges (getting Indian citizenship because of their religious persecution in their home country) over those available to all other people (no right to citizenship).
It would have been negative discrimination had India been granting citizenship to anyone and everyone from these countries as a matter of their right and then suddenly stopped it only for Muslims. That would have perhaps been Constitutionally suspect. But in the present instance, it is a clear case of positive discrimination, and hence, perfectly in tune with settled Constitutional principle, even if we accept the logic that Indian Constitutional rights apply to non-Indians.
The second objection is about the morality of this discrimination.
Let’s look at the countries involved which the proposed new Bill covers. Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. The proposed Bill does not give a carte blanche to Hindus and Christians and Sikhs from the entire world to come to India and get citizenship. Just these three countries.
Why ?
Because each of these has been civilisationally tied with India for millennia and more. The circumstances in which they were partitioned from India have created a situation where Hindus in these countries in the main instance, and non-Muslims minorities in general have been almost wiped out.
In Bangladesh, the Hindu population has declined by 12 percentage points between 1951 and 2011.
In Pakistan, Hindus have come down to around 1.5 per cent of the population from above 15 per cent at the time of Partition.
In Afghanistan, the presence of Taliban is itself a sufficient answer about the conditions religious minorities face.
For all these persecuted minorities, India has been the natural home of their ancestors for centuries. When their way of life itself is at stake, where will these people find a home except in India ? Remember, these people are not economic migrants, or in search of mere jobs or a better life. Their very existence is at stake. Just because of their religious belief. Their only natural home in the world, indeed the only country in the world they can look up to, is India.
The move could still have been criticised (although in my opinion even then it would not be fair) on moral grounds if it proposed citizenship to only Hindus from these countries. But this is not the case. All minorities in these countries (Hindus, Christians, Sikhs and so on) will be considered equally.
The third objection is about discrimination between religious refugees and economic migrants.
It is not India’s business to uplift the economic conditions of citizens of other countries. Bangladeshi citizens, for example, have to make their destiny in their own country. India’s resources are for our own people and there is no obligation, moral or otherwise, on the Indian State to use our precious resources to economically sustain citizens of another country.
The fourth objection is slightly more specific.
If religious persecution is accepted as a valid reason for granting citizenship, then what about Rohingyas ? The Bill targets people from those countries which have had centuries of cultural affinity with the Indian ethos. It can be no one’s argument that Rohingyas fall in the same category. Additionally, Rohingya Muslims, if persecuted because of their religion, can legitimately seek refuge in many Muslim majority countries. But in which country can Hindus or Sikhs, for example, if persecuted because of their religion, seek refuge except for India ?
But more than these explicit objections, a somewhat unasked question is – what is the larger message India is trying to send through this Bill at this point of time ? This is an important question with many dimensions.
The Partition of India was a cataclysmic event that violently uprooted millions of people from their homes, for no fault of theirs. While the then Congress leadership, and then later the Government, cannot be blamed for the Partition, what they can certainly be blamed for is transferring the guilt of Partition to Indians in general and Hindus in particular.
This was a Nehruvian construct, later perfected by the extreme left fellow travellers of Indira Gandhi. Their modus operandi was simple. Keep the majority community of India guilt-tripped so that their blatant vote bank politics of minoritism would go unchallenged.
Like civilisational Nations, which actively promote, protect and nurture their heritage, this New India is also no longer apologetic about celebrating our six-thousand-year-old civilisation.
This means speaking for, speaking about and speaking up for those who seek their ancestry in our heritage. This New India is about reclaiming our long-held leadership position in this part of the globe.
Former President APJ Abdul Kalam gave the mantra for our generation : “We will be remembered only if we give to our younger generation a prosperous and safe India, resulting out of economic prosperity coupled with civilizational heritage”. This New India, under Prime Minister Modi, is moving on both the fronts. This is India’s ‘line in the sand moment’. Let’s embrace it.
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